{"id":4990,"date":"2022-04-28T15:12:32","date_gmt":"2022-04-28T13:12:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/?page_id=4990"},"modified":"2022-04-29T09:24:04","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T07:24:04","slug":"discussionboard-n27","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/discussionboard-n27\/","title":{"rendered":"OF Discussion Board n\u00b027 \u2013 29 April 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>OF<strong> Discussion Board n\u00b027 &#8211; 29 April 2022<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-wp-editing=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/27-dilemma_400.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5003 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/27-dilemma_400-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/27-dilemma_400-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/27-dilemma_400-2x1.png 2w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/27-dilemma_400.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Question asked : <\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has prompted western businesses and\/or high-profile brands either to exit the country, to stay or to suspend operations. In reaction, Russia is threatening to nationalise tangible and intangible assets of exiting western companies. Should corporations be encouraged (why and by whom) to take decisions on non-economic grounds (for instance moral)? Is today the moment to re-open the debate of the 1990s on \u201cdo corporations have consciousness\u201d?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Editorial\">Editorial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#All-contribution\">All Contributions<\/a><span id=\"Link-contributions\"><\/span><span id=\"Link-contributions\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thanks for those of our contributors who ventured to react to the this question posed in this Discussion Board.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Difficult times for \u201cdoing well by doing good\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Editorial\">by Virgile Perret &amp; Paul H. Dembinski<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 74%; border-style: solid; border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has prompted many of the world\u2019s biggest companies &#8211; among which BP, McDonald\u2019s, IKEA, Apple and Coca-Cola \u2013 to stop doing business with Russia without being compelled to do so by sanctions. Others like Nestl\u00e9 continue \u201cbusiness as usual\u201d, arguing that they have a social responsibility towards their own employees and the to the Russian people.<br \/>\nCorporations don\u2019t have a conscience of their own, recalls Domingo Sugranyes, but decision makers have, as do consumers, employees, suppliers, subcontractors and so on. So why should they stop doing business with Russia? After all, the famous economist Milton Friedman proclaimed 50 years ago that the social responsibility of companies is to maximise their profits. For Etienne Perrot, companies should base their decision on cost-benefit calculation, taking into account the (often divergent) interests of all stakeholders. Provided a company in Russia does not violate the international sanctions in force, why should it not continue to meet the demand of local customers, asks Edward Dommen with reference to Nestl\u00e9.<br \/>\nOn the contrary, Kara Tan Bhala states that \u201cit\u2019s not radical to postulate corporations should have as a foundational principle, that they are to make business decisions on moral grounds.\u201d In her view, the war in Ukraine \u201cwill continue to add to public disapproval of the profit maximization credo and increase its rate of decay.\u201d One may ask, however, whether companies withdrawing from the Russian market act on moral grounds or if it is only an attempt to minimise potential damage to their reputation and brand.<br \/>\nRather than an alignment on moral principles or a result of pure cost-benefit thinking, the behaviour of companies may rather reflect the strength of Western public opinions and values (Valerio Bruno) in the condemnation of Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine, which exerted strong pressures on firms to reassess their position beyond simply complying with regulations and sanctions.<br \/>\nToday, companies are regarded as political actors and they are called upon to embrace a bigger role in society, for instance in the area of ESG. They are required to go beyond the trade-offs between stakeholders\u2019 interests and develop their own \u201cconsciousness\u201d of how their activity serves the common good. This means that companies (top management, management and boards) may have to learn that sometimes enhancing free society principles may come at a cost but should pay off in the long term by preserving free society. Difficult times for \u201cdoing well by doing good\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2465%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-style: solid; border-color: #ffffff;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Perret\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1912 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perret.png 1592w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Dembinski\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1903 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PHD-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PHD-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PHD-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PHD-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PHD.png 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/DiscussionBoard27.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2483 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Image-PDF.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"124\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Image-PDF.jpg 124w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Image-PDF-1x1.jpg 1w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 124px) 100vw, 124px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table id=\"All-contribution\" style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 meet the demand of local customers \u2026 \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Towards the end of World War II, Nestl\u00e9 was summoned to Washington, D.C. The U.S. armed forces had boarded a German submarine in the Rio de la Plata off Argentina. They found Nescaf\u00e9 in the galley, and demanded an explanation. Nestl\u00e9 told them that it had factories in many countries, including Germany. What could be more normal than for them to sell their products to consumers in that country? <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Provided that Nestl\u00e9 in Russia does not violate the international sanctions in force, why should it not continue to meet the demand of local customers?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Edouard Dommen<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Specialist in economic ethics, former university professor and researcher in UNCTAD and president of Geneva\u2019s Ecumenical Workshop in Theology<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Dommen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1615 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Dommen-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Dommen-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Dommen-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Dommen-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Dommen.png 606w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 the discernment of this decision cannot be based on a general moral principle \u2026 \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Like any strategic decision, the decision to stay in Russia, suspend business relations or leave the country does not belong to a collective (state, company, trade union, association) but to the people in positions of responsibility.<\/span> <strong>The discernment of this decision cannot be based on a general moral principle of right or wrong; instead, it must consider the cost, in Russia and also in the other countries, for every stakeholder (employees, suppliers, employment pool, public authorities, shareholders, creditors) whose interests are very variable and often divergent according to the risks incurred, depending on the time horizon and the economic space considered. This is why the temptation is to get rid of responsibility over others.<\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is what the president of the French business union (MEDEF) did, when he said that French companies will do what the French government decides. The responsibility is shifted; but its contradictions remain.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Etienne Perrot<br \/>\n<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Jesuit, Dr. Economics sciences, editorial board of the magazine Choisir (Geneva), editorial adviser of the journal \u00c9tudes (Paris)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Perrot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1980 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Perrot-1x1.png 1w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; text-align: justify;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 political considerations cannot abolish duties towards stakeholders \u2026 \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Every investment or disinvestment decision has ethical dimensions, whether explicit or not. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Companies don\u2019t have a conscience of their own, but decision makers have, as do consumers, employees, suppliers, subcontractors and so on.<\/strong> <\/span>No decision ever is taken only on profit-oriented calculations, although these can never be ignored. War imposes factual restrictions on companies, and political authorities can impose decisions, as in the case of sanctions and retroaction from Russia. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Western companies owning or operating assets, factories, distribution networks or suppliers in Russia and Ukraine are faced with difficult issues, where political considerations cannot abolish duties towards stakeholders, wherever they are. <\/strong><\/span>There are no simple answers in business ethics, even when faced with the horrors of war.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Domingo Sugranyes<br \/>\n<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Director of a seminar on ethics and technology at Pablo VI Foundation, past Executive Vice-Chairman of MAPFRE international insurance group<\/em><\/span><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Sugranyes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1605 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Sugranyes.png 1296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 the effectiveness of individualized recourse by companies to codes, standards, ad sanctions\u00a0is questionable \u2026 \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Western businesses are already subject to various sets of codes and standards that include coverage of ethical issues.<\/strong> <\/span>Outstanding examples are the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (negotiated in the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision). These codes and standards typically include references to the integral importance of business ethics to their successful application. Institutional and transactional coverage is not uniform, dependent as it is on subject-matter. Nevertheless the codes and standards are the outcome of often laborious negotiations. And expansion of their range to still other issues is generally difficult \u2013 and costly without some kind of conduct guarantees within competing groups. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>However, the effectiveness of individualized recourse by companies to codes, standards, ad sanctions\u00a0is questionable. Reliance for companies on collective\u00a0approaches to action on ethical and humanitarian issues is thus likely to continue.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Andrew Cornford<br \/>\n<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Counsellor, Observatoire de la Finance; past staff member of UNCTAD, with special responsibility for financial regulation and international trade in financial services<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Cornford\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1916 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Corrnford-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Corrnford-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Corrnford-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Corrnford-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Corrnford.png 412w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 it\u2019s not radical to postulate corporations should have as a foundational principle \u2026 \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>It\u2019s not radical to postulate corporations should have as a foundational principle, that they are to make business decisions on moral grounds. This proposition grounds itself on the largely consensus agreement on corporations being moral agents and therefore, have (a) moral obligations, and (2) freedom to act. <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The idea of shareholder primacy whereby corporations have only the duty to maximize profits forms a central part of the Friedmanite \u2018markets know best\u2019, neoliberal creed, now in decline, albeit at glacial speeds.<\/span> <strong>Perhaps the war in Ukraine and the ill-conceived behavior of some corporate actors will continue to add to public disapproval of the profit maximization credo and increase its rate of decay.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Kara Tan Bhala<\/span><\/strong><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>President and Founder of Seven Pillars Institute for Global Finance and Ethics<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#TanBhala\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2598 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tan-Bhala-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tan-Bhala-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tan-Bhala-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tan-Bhala-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tan-Bhala.png 355w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 77.6204%; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><strong>&#8222;<\/strong><strong>\u2026 business as usual with Russia entails a great reputational cost \u2026\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Believing that multinational corporations can have their own moral conscience that allows them to take a position on sensitive issues makes little sense, at least for the moment.<\/strong><\/span> It is instead fundamental that public opinion at the level of individual nations, but increasingly also at the international level, can act in such a way as to direct the actions of multinational corporations. In this sense, a fundamental role is currently played by social media, as well as by traditional media, in a lesser and less effective way. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>As demonstrated by the case of the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine, multinational corporations that think they can continue to do business as usual with Russia must understand that this entails for them a great reputational cost at the global level.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Valerio Bruno<br \/>\n<\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Researcher in politics and Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right (CARR)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1908%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/from-virus-to-vitamin\/contributors\/#Bruno\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1965 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio-1x1.png 1w, https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Valerio.png 1588w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>OF Discussion Board n\u00b027 &#8211; 29 April 2022 Question asked : The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has prompted western [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":627,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4990","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4990","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4990"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4990\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5008,"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4990\/revisions\/5008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.obsfin.ch\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4990"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}